This lecture explores contemporary approaches to the conservation and restoration of Islamic heritage, focusing on the importance of preserving the architectural and urban character of historic places while recognising the role of local communities and human agency. It examines the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme’s approach to integrated urban rehabilitation through the regeneration of the Darb al-Ahmar district in Old Cairo, alongside the Heritage Management Plan for Salalah’s old town districts in Oman developed by ArCHIAM. Together, these case studies demonstrate different approaches to sustainable, heritage-led revitalisation and how conservation strategies can respond to distinct cultural, geographical and urban contexts.