Comprehensive WJEC A Level Law notes covering Necessity Defences in Criminal Law, including self-defence, duress, and necessity (could be easily adapted for Eduqas, OCR, AQA). These notes explain the key legal principles, statutory provisions, leading cases, and evaluation points.
Designed for Unit 3 and Unit 4 revision, it includes clear explanation of the subjective and objective tests, limitations on defences, proportionality, and modern reform debates.

Topics covered include:
• Self-defence and prevention of crime
• Duress by threats and duress of circumstances
• Necessity and the “lesser of two evils” principle
• The Graham test and proportionality
• Householder cases and excessive force
• The relationship between duress, necessity, and murder
• Reform proposals and Law Commission criticism

The notes are presented in a student-friendly format with:
• Clear definitions and legal rules
• Fully explained key cases
• AO3 strengths, weaknesses, and reform discussion
• Comparative tables and evaluation throughout
• Real-life examples and modern application
• Links between different necessity-based defences
Images and infographics

Ideal for:
• WJEC A Level Law students
• Adaptable for OCR, AQA, and other exam boards
• Criminal law essay preparation
• AO1 knowledge , AO2 application and AO3 evaluation practice
• Independent revision or classroom support

Key cases include:
R v Gladstone Williams, R v Bird, R v Clegg, R v Anthony Martin, R v Graham, R v Howe, R v Gotts, R v Hasan, R v Willer, R v Dudley and Stephens, Re A (Conjoined Twins), and R v Shayler.

A detailed yet accessible revision resource designed to support high-level criminal law understanding and exam success.