This lesson helps students compare the strengths of the Saxon and Norman armies before the Battle of Hastings. Pupils examine weapons, armour and battlefield formations, explore why Norman cavalry and archers were so decisive, and evaluate which side held the upper hand even before the fighting began. Through diagrams, evidence cards and a structured comparison grid, students build a strong understanding of how military differences shaped the outcome of 1066.

• Compare the Saxon and Norman armies focusing on weapons, armour and battlefield roles.
• Explore why Norman cavalry and archers were vital for breaking the shield wall.
• Analyse the formations used by both sides including the shield wall and cavalry charges.
• Evaluate which side had the upper hand before the first arrow was fired.
  Some visuals in this resource were made with AI to help bring ideas to life and support student understanding.